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Though aggression is not always affected by T treatment (Lynn et al. 2005; Lynn 2008), the many cases in which the hormone does appear to promote aggression include both male and female subjects in many vertebrate taxa. Critically, the capons regained their aggressive tendencies after surgically replaced testes became vascularized, suggesting that something produced by the gonads and secreted into the bloodstream was responsible for the behavioral change (Berthold 1849; Berthold and Quiring 1944). In the classic experiment credited for launching the field, Berthold removed the testes of male chickens, noting that the capons (castrated males) exhibited lower levels of aggression. In essence, even though T can influence aggression, many assumed or predicted relationships between the two variables may not manifest. We propose that when relationships between T and aggression are individual-specific or condition-dependent, then positive correlations between the two variables may be obscured or reversed. Experimentally elevated testosterone (T) often leads to enhanced aggression, with examples across many different species, including both males and females. However, the effectiveness of this approach depends on the underlying causes of aggression and individual differences in responding to hormone level changes.
Testosterone, a steroid hormone primarily produced in the testes of males and to a lesser extent in the ovaries of females, plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes. So for aggression, as for most other behaviours, how an animal behaves as an adult is not the expression of blind instinct in the adult individual, nor is it simply the result of experiences during development. For example, gentle early handling by humans reduces aggression in mice that come from nonaggressive strains but not in mice from aggressive strains. The well-known effects of genetics on aggression notwithstanding, the environment in which a young animal is raised also has profound effects on whether, and how, it fights as an adult. Use of molecular genetic techniques has further demonstrated the importance of genetic differences in generating variation in aggressive behaviour and has shown how these effects may be mediated.
On the other hand, the rapid increase of testosterone in the above situations entitles testosterone to be characterized as a stress hormone. This created the theory that fluctuations of testosterone may be more significant than basal values in the importance of testosterone estimation in relation to aggression. Testosterone, cortisol and serotonin are the major agents influencing this process, with testosterone activating aggression reactions and cortisol and serotonin acting antagonistically to testosterone to reduce its effect. The clinical implications, however, of these and other studies of the genetics of human aggression is too early to be fully evaluated (42). Free testosterone was also found to be more positively related to aggressive risk taking in 301 adolescents with shorter CAG repeat length (38).
Whatever their nature, environmental effects may interact with the genetic make-up of the animals concerned. Such effects form the basis of dominance hierarchies, and they may be the result of short-term neuroendocrine changes, longer-term reward-based processes based on conditioning and learning, or both. Finally, and perhaps not surprisingly, direct experience of victory or defeat during fights has a profound effect on subsequent aggressive behaviour in animals as different as crickets and chimpanzees; animals that lose regularly become increasingly less likely to initiate attacks. For example, mice that are deprived of food during development become particularly aggressive as adults.
One psychologist, James Dabbs of Georgia State University in Atlanta, made a career out of conducting studies connecting testosterone to every kind of lifestyle imaginable. In other words, if researchers were to study other groups of folks, say the rich and famous, they might discover that testosterone is connected not to violence, but to who drives the biggest SUV or has the nicest lawn. Indeed, the latest research about testosterone and aggression indicates that there's only a weak connection between the two. Hormones don't necessarily make men violent, but they do cause them to seek social dominance The action of testosterone on the brain begins in the embryonic stage. Like any surgical procedure, neutering carries some risks and potential side effects, including pain, swelling, and infection at the surgical site.
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